> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://dragonwingdocs.qualcomm.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

The Qualcomm Dragonwing IQ-9075 EVK features integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity via the **NFA765A** module (WCN6856 NSP288 chip) over an M.2 interface.

## Specifications

### Wi-Fi

| Feature           | Specification                                  |
| ----------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
| **Standard**      | Wi-Fi 6E (802.11ax)                            |
| **Bands**         | 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz (tri-band)               |
| **Peak PHY Rate** | 2.9 Gbps with 1K QAM                           |
| **Operation**     | Dual Band Simultaneous (DBS), STA and AP modes |
| **Driver**        | ath11k                                         |

### Bluetooth

| Feature        | Specification                     |
| -------------- | --------------------------------- |
| **Standard**   | Bluetooth Core Specification v5.2 |
| **BLE Speed**  | Up to 2 Mbps                      |
| **Long Range** | 500 Kbps and 125 Kbps             |
| **Stack**      | BlueZ                             |

## Hardware Setup

<img src="https://mintcdn.com/qualcomm-prod/Bh7DlgudKfjY_3Wf/Linux/images/peripheral-interfaces/IQ9075_hw_connection_diagram.png?fit=max&auto=format&n=Bh7DlgudKfjY_3Wf&q=85&s=bd1e536bbd25bc28b53a936046bf3b29" width="804" height="831" data-path="Linux/images/peripheral-interfaces/IQ9075_hw_connection_diagram.png" />

<Steps>
  <Step title="Install Wi-Fi Module">
    Insert the NFA765A module into the M.2 slot at a 30-degree angle, press flat, and secure with the provided screw.
  </Step>

  <Step title="Connect Antennas">
    * **ANT0 (2.4G)** — shared between Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
    * **ANT1 (5G/6G)** — Wi-Fi 5 GHz and 6 GHz only
  </Step>

  <Step title="Connect UART Debug Cable">
    Connect the UART cable to the debug port and note the assigned COM port or `/dev/ttyUSB` device.
  </Step>

  <Step title="Connect Power and Boot">
    Power on and observe the boot sequence via UART console. Default login: `ubuntu` / `ubuntu`.
  </Step>
</Steps>

## Architecture

### Wi-Fi Software Architecture

<img src="https://mintcdn.com/qualcomm-prod/jy6NQT2Y7J_sAxdX/Linux/images/peripheral-interfaces/wifi_software_architecture.png?fit=max&auto=format&n=jy6NQT2Y7J_sAxdX&q=85&s=a822b35a7aaa291bac80442330fd895b" width="585" height="766" data-path="Linux/images/peripheral-interfaces/wifi_software_architecture.png" />

| Component                    | Description                                            |
| ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------ |
| **hostapd**                  | Access point and authentication server (WPA/WPA2/WPA3) |
| **cfg80211**                 | Wireless device configuration management               |
| **mac80211**                 | Open-source WLAN protocol implementation               |
| **ath11k MAC Interface**     | Interface between mac80211 and lower ath11k layers     |
| **ath11k Control/Data Path** | Scan, auth, association; data traffic management       |
| **WMI/HTT**                  | High-level protocols between host driver and firmware  |

### Bluetooth Software Architecture

<img src="https://mintcdn.com/qualcomm-prod/Bh7DlgudKfjY_3Wf/Linux/images/peripheral-interfaces/bluetooth_sw_architecture.png?fit=max&auto=format&n=Bh7DlgudKfjY_3Wf&q=85&s=9ab14ab87a94b9c0e66f7e821c8547d8" width="922" height="913" data-path="Linux/images/peripheral-interfaces/bluetooth_sw_architecture.png" />

| Component              | Description                                               |
| ---------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- |
| **bluetoothd**         | Central Bluetooth daemon with D-Bus interfaces            |
| **bluetoothctl**       | CLI tool for Bluetooth functionality testing              |
| **HCI Core**           | Sends/receives HCI commands between user space and driver |
| **L2CAP**              | Breaks large packets into frames; handles QoS             |
| **Qualcomm BT Driver** | GPIO config, regulators, patch and NV data download       |

## Verify Components

### Wi-Fi

```bash theme={null}
# Check driver
lsmod | grep ath11k

# Check interface
iw dev

# Check firmware
ls -la /lib/firmware/ath11k/
```

### Bluetooth

```bash theme={null}
# Check driver
lsmod | grep bt

# Check HCI device
hciconfig

# Check firmware
ls -la /lib/firmware/qca/

# Check BlueZ daemon
systemctl status bluetooth
```

## Wi-Fi Configuration

### Station Mode

```bash theme={null}
# Scan for networks
nmcli dev wifi list

# Connect
nmcli dev wifi connect <SSID> password <password>

# Verify connection
nmcli general status
nmcli dev status
ip addr show wlp1s0
ping 8.8.8.8
```

### Set MAC Address (Optional)

<Warning>
  The manually set MAC address persists only until the next reboot, then reverts to the factory OTP address.
</Warning>

```bash theme={null}
ip link set wlp1s0 down
ip link set wlp1s0 hw ether XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX
ip link set wlp1s0 up
```

### Hotspot Mode

<Steps>
  <Step title="Add SoftAP interface">
    ```bash theme={null}
    iw dev wlp1s0 interface add wlan1 type managed
    ```
  </Step>

  <Step title="Configure and start hostapd">
    ```bash theme={null}
    # Pull default config (optional)
    scp -r ubuntu@<IP>:/etc/hostapd.conf .

    #Update the hostapd.conf file with the SSID, password, 
    #Interface name and relevant configurations & push the file.
    scp -r hostapd.conf root@<IP_address>:/etc

    # Start the hostapd process:
    hostapd -B /etc/hostapd.conf
    ```
  </Step>

  <Step title="Start DHCP server">
    ```bash theme={null}
    #Create bridge interface
    brctl addbr br0

    #Add wlan1 to bridge
    brctl addif br0 wlan1

    #Assign IP address to bridge
    ip addr add 192.168.225.1/24 dev br0

    #Restart dnsmasq
    killall dnsmasq

    #Start dnsmasq with DHCP configuration
    dnsmasq --conf-file=/etc/dnsmasq.conf --dhcp-leasefile=/var/run/dnsmasq.leases \
      --addn-hosts=/data/hosts --pid-file=/var/run/dnsmasq.pid -i br0 -I lo -z \
      --dhcp-range=br0,192.168.225.20,192.168.225.60,255.255.255.0,43200 --dhcp-hostsfile=/data/dhcp_hosts \
      --dhcp-option-force=6,192.168.225.1 --dhcp-script=/bin/dnsmasq_script.sh 
    ```
  </Step>

  <Step title="Monitor connections">
    ```bash theme={null}
    #To establish a connection with the *hostapd_cli*
    hostapd_cli -i wlan1 -p /var/run/hostapd
    ```
  </Step>
</Steps>

**Stop hotspot:**

```bash theme={null}
#To stop the hostapd process
killall hostapd

#To disable the interface
ip link set wlan1 down

#To delete *ctrl_interface*
rm -rf /var/run/hostapd/wlan1
```

### Configure Link Speed

```bash theme={null}
sudo ethtool -s end0 autoneg on speed 1000 duplex full
```

## Bluetooth Configuration

### Set Bluetooth MAC Address (Optional)

<Warning>
  A manually set Bluetooth MAC address does not persist across reboots.
</Warning>

```bash theme={null}
# Power off Bluetooth first
hciconfig hci0 down

# Set address
btmgmt public-addr 22:22:9B:2C:79:1E

# Verify
hciconfig
```

### GAP Operations

<img src="https://mintcdn.com/qualcomm-prod/T1k4QQ7G3l_dE-rX/Linux/images/peripheral-interfaces/Bluetooth_GAP_sequence_diagram.png?fit=max&auto=format&n=T1k4QQ7G3l_dE-rX&q=85&s=77a334f37cf07f6c12a8eebe25936fbc" width="1020" height="956" data-path="Linux/images/peripheral-interfaces/Bluetooth_GAP_sequence_diagram.png" />

```bash theme={null}
# Launch bluetoothctl
bluetoothctl

# Enable Bluetooth
power on

# Enable discoverable mode
discoverable on

# Scan for devices
scan on

# Pair with device
pair F8:7D:76:9D:9B:6B

# List paired devices
devices

# Disable Bluetooth
power off
```

### Supported Bluetooth Profiles

| Profile | Role                   | Version |
| ------- | ---------------------- | ------- |
| GAP     | Central and Peripheral | —       |
| SPP     | Client and Server      | v1.2    |
| GATT    | Central and Peripheral | —       |
| OPP     | Client and Server      | v1.2    |
| FTP     | Client and Server      | v1.2    |
| PBAP    | Client and Server      | v1.1    |
| MAP     | Client and Server      | v1.2    |

<Note>
  A2DP, AVRCP, and HFP are supported on WCN6750/WCN6856.
</Note>

## Debugging

### Wi-Fi Debug Logs

```bash theme={null}
# Enable logging
echo "module ath11k +p" > /sys/kernel/debug/dynamic_debug/control
echo "module ath11k_pci +p" > /sys/kernel/debug/dynamic_debug/control

# Collect logs
dmesg > /tmp/dmesg.txt
scp ubuntu@<IP>:/tmp/dmesg.txt .

# Collect firmware dump (on crash)
cat /sys/class/devcoredump/devcd*/data > /tmp/firmware_dump.bin
```

### Bluetooth Debug Logs

```bash theme={null}
#Enable BlueZ logs
vi /lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service

#Append -d option to the following line in the file and save 
ExecStart=/usr/libexec/bluetooth/bluetoothd -d

#Restart Bluetooth
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart bluetooth

# Collect HCI snoop log 
hcidump --save-dump=/var/log/snoop.log 

```

## Troubleshooting

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="wlp1s0 Interface Not Found">
    **Cause:** Driver not loaded or firmware missing.

    ```bash theme={null}
    dmesg | grep ath11k
    ls /lib/firmware/ath11k/
    ```
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Cannot Connect to AP">
    **Cause:** Wrong password or security mismatch.

    Verify SSID and password; check AP security settings.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="No IP Address Assigned">
    **Cause:** DHCP server issue.

    Check DHCP server on AP; manually assign static IP for testing.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Hotspot Clients Cannot Connect">
    **Cause:** hostapd configuration error.

    Verify `hostapd.conf` settings; check channel and security parameters.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Bluetooth Not Powering On">
    **Cause:** Driver not loaded or firmware missing.

    ```bash theme={null}
    dmesg | grep -i bluetooth
    ls /lib/firmware/qca/
    ```
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Pairing Fails">
    **Cause:** Passkey mismatch or timeout.

    Ensure both devices confirm the same passkey; retry pairing.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Audio Profile Not Working">
    **Cause:** A2DP/HFP not supported on NFA765A.

    Verify profile support — A2DP and HFP require WCN6750/WCN6856.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Connection Drops">
    **Cause:** 2.4 GHz interference or power management.

    Disable power management; check for 2.4 GHz interference from Wi-Fi.
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>

## Quick Start Checklists

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="Wi-Fi Station Mode">
    * [ ] NFA765A module installed in M.2 slot
    * [ ] Antennas connected (ANT0 and ANT1)
    * [ ] Firmware files present (`/lib/firmware/ath11k/`)
    * [ ] `wlp1s0` interface present (`iw dev`)
    * [ ] Connected to AP (`nmcli dev wifi connect ...`)
    * [ ] IP address assigned (`ip addr show wlp1s0`)
    * [ ] Internet reachable (`ping 8.8.8.8`)
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Bluetooth">
    * [ ] NFA765A chipset initialized
    * [ ] Bluetooth firmware present (`/lib/firmware/qca/`)
    * [ ] `hci0` controller present (`hciconfig`)
    * [ ] `bluetoothd` running (`systemctl status bluetooth`)
    * [ ] `bluetoothctl` available
    * [ ] Bluetooth powered on (`power on`)
    * [ ] Scan and pair successful
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>

## Resources

* [Wi-Fi Alliance](https://www.wi-fi.org/certification)
* [Bluetooth SIG](https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/)
* [Linux Wireless](https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/)
* [ath11k](https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/users/drivers/ath11k)
* [hostapd Documentation](https://w1.fi/cgit/hostap/plain/hostapd/README)
* [nmcli Manual](https://www.linux.org/docs/man1/nmcli.html)