Runtime performance tuning

Qualcomm^® Linux exposes sysfs interfaces, kernel parameters, and device tree controls for tuning runtime performance. This page covers CPU frequency scaling, memory subsystem knobs, block I/O scheduling, Qualcomm-specific DCVS and DDR bandwidth controls, and hardware performance profiling.

CPU performance tuning

Select the CPU frequency governor

Qualcomm Linux uses schedutil as the default CPUfreq governor, with one policy per CPU cluster. On QCS6490 there are three clusters: little (cpu0–cpu3, Cortex-A55), big (cpu4–cpu6, Cortex-A78), and prime (cpu7, Cortex-A78). On IQ-9075 there are four clusters. Read the current governor for all policies:

cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy*/scaling_governor

Change the governor for all policies:

# Maximum throughput, disables frequency scaling
for p in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy*/; do
    echo performance > "${p}scaling_governor"
done

# Restore adaptive scheduling
for p in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy*/; do
    echo schedutil > "${p}scaling_governor"
done

Table: CPUfreq sysfs frequency controls

sysfs path	Description
`cpufreq/policyN/scaling_max_freq`	Maximum frequency cap for cluster N (Hz)
`cpufreq/policyN/scaling_min_freq`	Minimum frequency floor for cluster N (Hz)
`cpufreq/policyN/scaling_cur_freq`	Currently selected frequency (read-only)
`cpufreq/policyN/cpuinfo_max_freq`	Hardware maximum frequency (read-only)

Paths are relative to /sys/devices/system/cpu/.

Tune schedutil responsiveness

The rate_limit_us tunable prevents schedutil from changing frequency more often than the specified interval in microseconds. Lower values improve responsiveness at the cost of more frequency transitions:

echo 200 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy4/schedutil/rate_limit_us

For Energy Aware Scheduling (EAS), utilization clamping (uclamp), and CPU topology details, see Configure the scheduler.

CPU isolation and IRQ affinity

For latency-sensitive workloads such as real-time audio or deterministic sensor pipelines, isolate CPUs from the general scheduler and redirect interrupts away from them.

Isolate CPUs at boot

Add the following parameters to the kernel command line:

isolcpus=6,7 rcu_nocbs=6,7 nohz_full=6,7 irqaffinity=0-5

isolcpus is a static boot-time mechanism. For dynamic CPU isolation without a reboot, use cgroup cpuset.

Configure IRQ affinity at runtime

List all IRQs with their current CPU affinity:

for i in /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list; do
    echo "$i: $(cat $i)"
done

Move a specific IRQ to a designated CPU:

echo 4 > /proc/irq/<irq-number>/smp_affinity_list

Replace the following:

<irq-number> by the interrupt number from /proc/interrupts.

Run processes on isolated CPUs

taskset -c <cpu-list> <command>

Replace the following:

<cpu-list> by comma-separated or range CPU list, for example 6,7 or 4-7.
<command> by the process name or path to execute.

Change the CPU affinity of a running process:

taskset -pc <cpu-list> <pid>

Replace the following:

<pid> by the process ID to modify.

Memory performance tuning

Transparent Huge Pages (THP)

Transparent Huge Pages (THP) reduce TLB pressure for memory-intensive workloads. The default Qualcomm kernel sets THP to madvise mode (application opt-in).

# Check current mode
cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled

# Enable system-wide
echo always > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled

# Disable to reduce latency spikes from huge page allocation
echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled

Required Kconfig:

CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE=y
CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_MADVISE=y

Virtual memory sysfs knobs

Table: Key /proc/sys/vm tuning parameters

Parameter	Effect
`vm/swappiness`	Controls tendency to swap anonymous memory versus reclaiming page cache. Lower (10–20) on RAM-constrained boards to keep anonymous memory in RAM. Default: 60.
`vm/dirty_ratio`	Maximum percentage of memory holding dirty pages before processes are throttled to write. Increase (30–40) for write-heavy workloads. Default: 20.
`vm/dirty_background_ratio`	Percentage at which background writeback starts. Default: 10.
`vm/vfs_cache_pressure`	Tendency to reclaim dentries and inodes. Lower (50) to keep file system metadata cached; raise (200) for embedded targets with limited RAM. Default: 100.
`vm/min_free_kbytes`	Watermark below which the kernel starts reclaiming. Raise for real-time latency requirements to avoid OOM-induced latency spikes.
`vm/watermark_boost_factor`	Temporarily raises watermarks after a spike in allocation pressure. Set to 0 to disable. Default: 15000 (150%).

Paths are relative to /proc/sys/.

ZRAM and CMA

For ZRAM swap configuration and CMA region tuning, see Configure and manage memory.

Block I/O tuning

Select the I/O scheduler

Qualcomm platforms typically use UFS or eMMC storage with multi-queue blk-mq. View the current scheduler for all block devices:

for dev in /sys/block/*/queue/scheduler; do
    echo "$dev: $(cat $dev)"
done

Table: Recommended I/O schedulers by storage type

Storage type	Scheduler	Rationale
UFS	`none`	UFS controller handles its own command queueing (UFS Command Queue). Passthrough gives lowest latency.
eMMC	`mq-deadline`	Deadline-based ordering prevents read starvation on mixed workloads.
NVMe	`none` or `kyber`	Token-bucket latency targeting is effective for SSDs.

Set the scheduler for a device:

echo none > /sys/block/<device>/queue/scheduler

Replace the following:

<device> by the block device name, for example sda.

Tune read-ahead

# Increase for sequential workloads such as firmware update or logging
echo 512 > /sys/block/<device>/queue/read_ahead_kb

# Decrease for random access workloads such as databases
echo 128 > /sys/block/<device>/queue/read_ahead_kb

Replace the following:

<device> by the block device name, for example sda.

Qualcomm DCVS and DDR bandwidth

Qualcomm Dynamic Clock and Voltage Scaling (DCVS) manages the frequency of the L3/LLC cache, Last Level Cache Controller (LLCC), and DDR. Two mechanisms drive memory frequency votes: a static OPP table that ties CPU frequency to memory frequencies, and the BWMON governor that votes based on measured bus traffic.

Static CPU-to-memory mapping

The qcom-cpufreq-hw driver reads opp-peak-kBps from each CPU OPP entry in the DTSI. When the CPU runs at a given frequency, the driver votes for the corresponding L3 and DDR bandwidth. Example entry from a QCS6490 DTSI:

cpu0_opp_1516mhz: opp-1516800000 {
    opp-hz       = /bits/ 64 <1516800000>;
    opp-peak-kBps = <5400000 51200000>;  /* DDR kBps, L3 kBps */
};

Increasing opp-peak-kBps values votes for higher memory frequencies at lower CPU frequencies, trading power for lower memory latency. The driver source is drivers/cpufreq/qcom-cpufreq-hw.c.

BWMON governor

The icc-bwmon driver (drivers/soc/qcom/icc-bwmon.c) samples CPU-to-LLCC and CPU-to-DDR bandwidth counters and casts ICC bandwidth votes accordingly. Tune the sampling period and thresholds in the device tree:

&bwmon_cpu {
    qcom,count-unit     = <0x1000>;  /* 4 KB per count */
    qcom,threshold-high = <400>;
    qcom,threshold-med  = <200>;
    qcom,threshold-low  = <50>;
    qcom,sample-ms      = <4>;       /* 4 ms sampling period */
};

Monitor active ICC bandwidth votes at runtime:

cat /sys/kernel/debug/interconnect/interconnect_summary

For DVFS governor selection and cache frequency mapping details, see Configure the dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) governors.

Hardware performance profiling

ARM64 Qualcomm SoCs expose hardware performance counters through the ARM PMUv3 interface. The perf tool uses these to profile CPU utilization, cache misses, and memory stalls.

Required Kconfig

CONFIG_PERF_EVENTS=y
CONFIG_HW_PERF_EVENTS=y
CONFIG_ARM_PMU=y
CONFIG_QCOM_L2_PMU=y
CONFIG_QCOM_L3_PMU=y

Collect a system-wide performance snapshot

perf stat -a -e cycles,instructions,cache-misses,cache-references sleep 10

Profile a specific process

perf record -g -p <pid> -- sleep 5
perf report

Replace the following:

<pid> by the process ID to profile.

Qualcomm L3 PMU events

The Qualcomm L3 PMU driver exposes per-slice L3 cache events with the qcom_l3_cache/ prefix:

perf stat -e qcom_l3_cache/event=0x21/ -a sleep 5

Live profiling with perf top

perf top -g --call-graph dwarf

Introduction

Architecture

Key Documents

Technologies

System

Release Notes

CPU performance tuning

Select the CPU frequency governor

Tune schedutil responsiveness

CPU isolation and IRQ affinity

Isolate CPUs at boot

Configure IRQ affinity at runtime

Run processes on isolated CPUs

Memory performance tuning

Transparent Huge Pages (THP)

Virtual memory sysfs knobs

ZRAM and CMA

Block I/O tuning

Select the I/O scheduler

Tune read-ahead

Qualcomm DCVS and DDR bandwidth

Static CPU-to-memory mapping

BWMON governor

Hardware performance profiling

Required Kconfig

Collect a system-wide performance snapshot

Profile a specific process

Qualcomm L3 PMU events

Live profiling with perf top

​CPU performance tuning

​Select the CPU frequency governor

​Tune schedutil responsiveness

​CPU isolation and IRQ affinity

​Isolate CPUs at boot

​Configure IRQ affinity at runtime

​Run processes on isolated CPUs

​Memory performance tuning

​Transparent Huge Pages (THP)

​Virtual memory sysfs knobs

​ZRAM and CMA

​Block I/O tuning

​Select the I/O scheduler

​Tune read-ahead

​Qualcomm DCVS and DDR bandwidth

​Static CPU-to-memory mapping

​BWMON governor

​Hardware performance profiling

​Required Kconfig

​Collect a system-wide performance snapshot

​Profile a specific process

​Qualcomm L3 PMU events

​Live profiling with perf top

CPU performance tuning

Select the CPU frequency governor

Tune schedutil responsiveness

CPU isolation and IRQ affinity

Isolate CPUs at boot

Configure IRQ affinity at runtime

Run processes on isolated CPUs

Memory performance tuning

Transparent Huge Pages (THP)

Virtual memory sysfs knobs

ZRAM and CMA

Block I/O tuning

Select the I/O scheduler

Tune read-ahead

Qualcomm DCVS and DDR bandwidth

Static CPU-to-memory mapping

BWMON governor

Hardware performance profiling

Required Kconfig

Collect a system-wide performance snapshot

Profile a specific process

Qualcomm L3 PMU events

Live profiling with perf top